Afghanistan-Dari Persian, Pashtu (both official), other Turkic and minor languages
Albania-Albanian (Tosk is the official dialect), Greek
Algeria-Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects
Andorra-Catalán (official), French, Castilian, Portuguese
Angola-Portuguese (official), Bantu and other African languages
Antigua and Barbuda-English (official), local dialects
Argentina-Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French
Armenia-Armenian 98%, Yezidi, Russian
Australia-English 79%, native and other languages
Austria-German (official nationwide); Slovene, Croatian, Hungarian (each official in one region)
Azerbaijan-Azerbaijani Turkic 89%, Russian 3%, Armenian 2%, other 6% (1995 est.)
Bahamas-English (official), Creole (among Haitian immigrants)
Bahrain-Arabic, English, Farsi, Urdu
Bangladesh-Bangla (official), English
Barbados-English
Belarus-Belorussian (White Russian), Russian, other
Belgium-Dutch (Flemish) 60%, French 40%, German less than 1% (all official)
Belize-English (official), Spanish, Mayan, Garifuna (Carib), Creole
Benin-French (official), Fon, Yoruba, tribal languages
Bhutan-Dzongkha (official), Tibetan dialects (among Bhotes), Nepalese dialects (among Nepalese)
Bolivia-Spanish, Quechua, Aymara (all official)
Bosnia and Herzegovina-Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian
Botswana-English 2% (official), Setswana 78%, Kalanga 8%, Sekgalagadi 3%, other (2001)
Brazil-Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French
Brunei-Malay (official), English, Chinese
Bulgaria-Bulgarian 85%, Turkish 10%, Roma 4%
Burkina Faso-French (official); native African (Sudanic) languages 90%
Burundi-Kirundi and French (official), Swahili
Cambodia-Khmer 95% (official), French, English
Cameroon-French, English (both official); 24 major African language groups
Canada-English 59.3%, French 23.2% (both official); other 17.5%
Cape Verde-Portuguese, Criuolo
Central African Republic-French (official), Sangho (lingua franca, national), tribal languages
Chad-French, Arabic (both official); Sara; more than 120 languages and dialects
Chile-Spanish
China-Standard Chinese (Mandarin/Putonghua), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghaiese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages
Colombia-Spanish
Comoros-Arabic and French (both official), Shikomoro (Swahili/Arabic blend)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the-French (official), Lingala, Kingwana, Kikongo, Tshiluba
Congo, Republic of-French (official), Lingala, Monokutuba, Kikongo, many local languages and dialects
Costa Rica-Spanish (official), English
Côte d'Ivoire-French (official) and African languages (Dioula esp.)
Croatia-Croatian 96% (official), other 4% (including Italian, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, German)
Cuba-Spanish
Cyprus-Greek, Turkish (both official); English
Czech Republic-Czech
Denmark-Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (Inuit dialect), German; English is the predominant second language
Djibouti-French and Arabic (both official), Somali, Afar
Dominica-English (official) and French patois
Dominican Republic-Spanish
East Timor-Tetum, Portuguese (official); Bahasa Indonesia, English; other indigenous languages, including Tetum, Galole, Mambae, and Kemak
Ecuador-Spanish (official), Quechua, other Amerindian languages
Egypt-Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classes
El Salvador-Spanish, Nahua (among some Amerindians)
Equatorial Guinea-Spanish, French (both official); pidgin English, Fang, Bubi, Ibo
Eritrea-Afar, Arabic, Tigre and Kunama, Tigrinya, other Cushitic languages
Estonia-Estonian 67% (official), Russian 30%, other (2000)
Ethiopia-Amharic, Tigrigna, Orominga, Guaragigna, Somali, Arabic, English, over 70 others
Fiji-English (official), Fijian, Hindustani
Finland-Finnish 92%, Swedish 6% (both official); small Sami- (Lapp) and Russian-speaking minorities
France-French 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects (Provençal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish)
Gabon-French (official), Fang, Myene, Nzebi, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi
Gambia-English (official), Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous
Georgia-Georgian 71% (official), Russian 9%, Armenian 7%, Azerbaijani 6%, other 7% (Abkhaz is the official language in Abkhazia)
Germany-German
Ghana-English (official), African languages (including Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, and Ga)
Greece-Greek 99% (official), English, French
Grenada-English (official), French patois
Guatemala-Spanish 60%, Amerindian languages 40% (23 officially recognized Amerindian languages, including Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi, Mam, Garifuna, and Xinca)
Guinea-French (official), native tongues (Malinké, Susu, Fulani)
Guinea-Bissau-Portuguese (official), Criolo, African languages
Guyana-English (official), Amerindian dialects, Creole, Hindi, Urdu
Haiti-Creole and French (both official)
Honduras-Spanish (official), Amerindian dialects; English widely spoken in business
Hungary-Magyar (Hungarian) 94%, other 6%
Iceland-Icelandic, English, Nordic languages, German widely spoken
India-Hindi 30%, English, Bengali, Gujarati, Kashmiri, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Kannada, Assamese, Sanskrit, Sindhi (all official); Hindi/Urdu; 1,600+ dialects
Indonesia-Bahasa Indonesia (official), English, Dutch, Javanese, and more than 580 other languages and dialects
Iran-Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects 26%, Kurdish 9%, Luri 2%, Balochi 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2%
Iraq-Arabic (official), Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian
Ireland-English, Irish (Gaelic) (both official)
Israel-Hebrew (official), Arabic, English
Italy-Italian (official); German-, French-, and Slovene-speaking minorities
Jamaica-English, Jamaican Creole
Japan-Japanese
Jordan-Arabic (official), English
Kazakhstan-Kazak (Qazaq, state language) 64%; Russian (official, used in everyday business) 95% (2001 est.)
Kenya-English (official), Swahili (national), and numerous indigenous languages
Kiribati-English (official), I-Kiribati (Gilbertese)
Korea, North-Korean
Korea, South-Korean, English widely taught
Kuwait-Arabic (official), English
Kyrgyzstan-Kyrgyz, Russian (both official)
Laos-Lao (official), French, English, various ethnic languages
Latvia-Latvian 58% (official), Russian 38%, Lithuanian, other (2000)
Lebanon-Arabic (official), French, English, Armenian
Lesotho-English, Sesotho (both official); Zulu, Xhosa
Liberia-English 20% (official), some 20 ethnic-group languages
Libya-Arabic, Italian, and English widely understood in major cities
Liechtenstein-German (official), Alemannic dialect
Lithuania-Lithuanian 82% (official), Russian 8%, Polish 6% (2001)
Luxembourg-Luxermbourgish (national) French, German (both administrative)
Macedonia-Macedonian 67%, Albanian 25% (both official); Turkish 4%, Roma 2%, Serbian 1% (2002)
Madagascar-Malagasy and French (both official)
Malawi-Chichewa 57.2% (official), Chinyanja 12.8%, Chiyao 10.1%, Chitumbuka 9.5%, Chisena 2.7%, Chilomwe 2.4%, Chitonga 1.7%, other 3.6% (1998)
Malaysia-Bahasa Melayu (Malay, official), English, Chinese dialects (Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan, Foochow), Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Panjabi, Thai; several indigenous languages (including Iban, Kadazan) in East Malaysia
Maldives-Maldivian Dhivehi (official); English spoken by most government officials
Mali French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages
Malta-Maltese and English (both official)
Marshall IsLands-Marshallese 98% (two major dialects from the Malayo-Polynesian family), English widely spoken as a second language (both official); Japanese
Mauritania-Hassaniya Arabic (official), Pulaar, Soninke, French, Wolof
Mauritius-English less than 1% (official), Creole 81%, Bojpoori 12%, French 3% (2000)
Mexico-Spanish, various Mayan, Nahuatl, and other regional indigenous languages
Micronesia-English (official, common), Chukese, Pohnpeian, Yapase, Kosrean, Ulithian, Woleaian, Nukuoro, Kapingamarangi
Moldova-Moldovan (official; virtually the same as Romanian), Russian, Gagauz (a Turkish dialect)
Monaco-French (official), English, Italian, Monégasque
Mongolia-Mongolian, 90%; also Turkic and Russian (1999) Montenegro Serbian/Montenegrin (Ijekavian dialect—official)
Morocco-Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often used for business, government, and diplomacy
Mozambique-Portuguese 9% (official; second language of 27%), Emakhuwa 26%, Xichangana 11%, Elomwe 8%, Cisena 7%, Echuwabo 6%, other Mozambican languages 32% (1997)
Myanmar-Burmese, minority languages
Namibia-English 7% (official), Afrikaans is common language of most of the population and of about 60% of the white population, German 32%; indigenous languages: Oshivambo, Herero,
Nama
Nauru-Nauruan (official), English
Nepal-Nepali 48% (official), Maithali 12%, Bhojpuri 7%, Tharu 6%, Tamang 5%, others. English spoken by many in government and business (2001)
Netherlands-Dutch, Frisian (both official)
New Zealand-English, Maori (both official)
Nicaragua-Spanish 98% (official); English and indigenous languages on Atlantic coast (1995)
Niger-French (official), Hausa, Djerma
Nigeria-English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Ibo, Fulani, and more than 200 others
Norway-Bokmål Norwegian, Nynorsk Norwegian (both official); small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities (Sami is official in six municipalities)
Oman-Arabic (official), English, Baluchi, Urdu, Indian dialects
Pakistan-Urdu 8%, English (both official); Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Siraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashtu 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, Burushaski, and others 8%
Palau-Palauan 64.7%, English 9.4%, Sonsoralese, Tobi, Angaur (each official on some islands), Filipino 13.5%, Chinese 5.7%, Carolinian 1.5%, Japanese 1.5%, other Asian 2.3%, other languages 1.5% (2000)
Palestinian State (proposed)-Arabic, Hebrew, English
Panama-Spanish (official), English 14%, many bilingual
Papua New Guinea-Tok Pisin (Melanesian Pidgin, the lingua franca), Hiri Motu (in Papua region), English 1%–2%; 715 indigenous languages
Paraguay-Spanish, Guaraní (both official)
Peru-Spanish, Quéchua (both official); Aymara; many minor Amazonian languages
Philippines-Filipino (based on Tagalog), English (both official); eight major dialects: Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon or Ilonggo, Bicol, Waray, Pampango, and Pangasinense
Poland-Polish 98% (2002)
Portugal-Portuguese (official), Mirandese (official, but locally used)
Qatar-Arabic (official); English a common second language
Romania-Romanian (official), Hungarian, German
Russia-Russian, others
Rwanda-Kinyarwanda, French, and English (all official); Kiswahili in commercial centers
St. Kitts and Nevis-English
St. Lucia-English (official), French patois
St. Vincent and the Grenadines-English, French patois
Samoa-Samoan, English
San Marino-Italian
São Tomé and Príncipe-Portuguese (official)
Saudi Arabia-Arabic
Senegal-French (official); Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka
Serbia Serbian (official); Romanian, Hungarian, Slovak, and Croatian (all official in
Vojvodina); Albanian (official in Kosovo)
Seychelles-Seselwa Creole 92%, English 5%, French (all official) (2002)
Sierra Leone-English (official), Mende (southern vernacular), Temne (northern vernacular), Krio (lingua franca)
Singapore-Mandarin 35%, English 23%, Malay 14.1%, Hokkien 11.4%, Cantonese 5.7%, Teochew 4.9%, Tamil 3.2%, other Chinese dialects 1.8%, other 0.9% (2000)
Slovakia-Slovak 84% (official), Hungarian 11%, Roma 2%, Ukrainian 1% (2001)
Slovenia-Slovenian 91%, Serbo-Croatian 5% (2002)
Solomon Islands-English 1%–2% (official), Melanesian pidgin (lingua franca), 120 indigenous languages
Somalia-Somali (official), Arabic, English, Italian
South Africa-IsiZulu 23.8%, IsiXhosa 17.6%, Afrikaans 13.3%, Sepedi 9.4%, English 8.2%, Setswana 8.2%, Sesotho 7.9%, Xitsonga 4.4%, other 7.2% (2001)
Spain-Castilian Spanish 74% (official nationwide); Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2% (each official regionally)
Sri Lanka-Sinhala 74% (official and national), Tamil 18% (national), other 8%; English is commonly used in government and spoken competently by about 10%
Sudan-Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English
Suriname-Dutch (official), Surinamese (lingua franca), English widely spoken, Hindustani, Javanese
Swaziland-English, siSwati (both official)
Sweden-Swedish, small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities
Switzerland-German 64%, French 20%, Italian 7% (all official); Romansch 0.5% (national)
Syria-Arabic (official); Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian widely understood; French, English somewhat understood
Taiwan-Chinese (Mandarin, official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka dialects
Tajikistan-Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business
Tanzania-Swahili, English (both official); Arabic; many local languages
Thailand-Thai (Siamese), English (secondary language of the elite), ethnic and regional dialects
Togo-French (official, commerce); Ewé, Mina (south); Kabyé, Dagomba (north); and many dialects
Tonga-Tongan (an Austronesian language), English
Trinidad and Tobago-English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish, Chinese
Tunisia-Arabic (official, commerce), French (commerce)
Turkey-Turkish (official), Kurdish, Dimli, Azeri, Kabardian
Turkmenistan-Turkmen 72%; Russian 12%; Uzbek 9%, other 7%
Tuvalu-Tuvaluan, English, Samoan, Kiribati (on the island of Nui)
Uganda-English (official), Ganda or Luganda, other Niger-Congo languages, Nilo-Saharan languages, Swahili, Arabic
Ukraine-Ukrainian 67%, Russian 24%, Romanian, Polish, Hungarian
United Arab Emirates-Arabic (official), Persian, English, Hindi, Urdu
United Kingdom-English, Welsh, Scots Gaelic
United States-English 82%, Spanish 11% (2000)
Uruguay-Spanish, Portunol, or Brazilero
Uzbekistan-Uzbek 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1%
Vanuatu-Bislama 23% (a Melanesian pidgin English), English 2%, French 1% (all 3 official);
more than 100 local languages 73%
Vatican City (Holy See)-Italian, Latin, French, various other languages
Venezuela-Spanish (official), numerous indigenous dialects
Vietnam-Vietnamese (official); English (increasingly favored as a second language); some French, Chinese, Khmer; mountain area languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)
Western Sahara (proposed state)-Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic
Yemen-Arabic
Zambia- English (official); major vernaculars: Bemba, Kaonda, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, Tonga; about 70 other indigenous languages
Zimbabwe-English (official), Shona, Ndebele (Sindebele), numerous minor tribal dialects
